Understanding the influence of demographic and clinical factors on urinary stone composition: A retrospective multivariate study in a diverse population

Background: Demographic and clinical factors significantly influence urinary stone composition; however, data from other Arabian Gulf countries still lack further exploration of these variables with the aid of multivariate analyses. This study aims to address this gap by conducting an in-depth multivariate analysis of the demographic and clinical variables associated with different urinary stone compositions. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from 1193 patients' charts between January 2017 and February 2019. Demographic, clinical data, and stone characteristics were recorded. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's chi-square, and multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with different stone compositions. Results: A total of 1193 patients were analyzed (male:female ratio = 8:1, mean age = 42.53 ± 11.31 years, mean body mass index (BMI) = 28.22 ± 5.23 kg/m²). Calcium oxalate (CaOx) was the most common stone type (87.7%), followed by uric acid (UA) stones (9.13%). CaOx was predominant across all ethnicities. Patients with CaOx stone were younger than patients with UA and other stone types. BMI was significantly higher in the UA group. UA stone formers were more likely to have hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and recurrent urolithiasis than CaOx patients. Multinomial logistic regression identified UA stones as significantly associated with older East Asians, higher BMI, recurrent stone formation, and lower baseline glomerular filtration rate compared to CaOx. Conclusion: CaOx was the most prevalent stone type, whereas UA stones were more commonly observed in patients with higher BMI, CKD, older age, and a history of recurrent urolithiasis. These differences highlight the importance of targeted prevention and personalized management strategies.