The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Next-Generation Surgical Robotics

By using artificial intelligence within surgical robotics, healthcare is experiencing a radical shift in the way surgery is planned and performed and how surgical outcomes are qualitatively measured. The first robots created in surgery were only extensions of the surgeon's dexterity (the ability to move with precision). These early systems aided the surgeon by allowing for better visualization of the surgical field and a more expansive range of motion. The availability of AI technologies (e.g., machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and predictive analytics) has allowed surgical robots to become "intelligent" assistants to surgeons: They can provide real-time decision-support and perform some tasks on their own while offering tailored solutions for each individual patient. This chapter provides a framework for the application of AI in surgical robotics by emphasizing that the foundation for precision, flexibility, and learning over time lies in having accurate data and valid algorithms. The chapter reviews the applications of AI to surgical robots for pre-operative imaging; intraoperative navigation; and robotic-assisted surgery. The chapter also discusses machine learning-based algorithms to improve surgical success, adaptive learning capabilities, and intelligent error detection and reporting. The chapter reviews the da Vinci, Senhance, Versius, and STAR surgical robotics systems, and compares their measurable improvements in safety, efficiency, and recovery when compared to traditional methods of surgical intervention. This chapter evaluates several critical aspects of current technical hurdles, ethical and legal issues, and the need for popular support among both the surgical team and patient groups, while examining future potential avenues in the development of new surgical techniques through the use of AI-based autonomous surgical robotic systems, AI-powered training simulators, and human-AI collaborative procedures. Throughout this chapter, the reader is shown how AI-surgical robotic systems should not simply be viewed as substitutes for surgeons; instead, these systems represent a large step forward in the collaboration and development of the future of precision medicine and patient-centered care.