Study of excitation function of p and d in different multiplicity events in p-Pb collisions at 8.16 TeV

By using the Tsallis Blast-Wave (TBW) model, we evaluate the transverse momentum spectra of protons and deuterons emitted in p-Pb collisions at √^sNN=8.16 TeV in different multiplicity classes. Two distinctive dynamical regimes are distinguished by looking at the multiplicity reliance on key parameters, including the non-extensive parameter (q), the transverse flow velocity (β_T), and the kinetic freeze-out temperature (T_kin). The system exhibits larger deviations from equilibrium (higher q), a lower Tkin, and stronger collective flow in high-multiplicity collisions, which are a hallmark of a prolonged, QGP-like phase. Low-multiplicity events, on the other hand, exhibit a gradual shift toward thermal equilibrium with weaker flow, a higher T_kin, and values of q that are near to unity. These outcomes constrain the equation of state, exposing soft (hadronic) and stiff (QGP) behaviors across different multiplicities.