Root-end filling materials

This chapter discusses numerous root-end filling materials utilized in root-end filling procedure (retrograde endodontic treatment or apical endodontic surgery). One of the main reason of reasons of apical surgery is the failure of conventional or nonsurgical endodontic therapy. The key purpose of the root-end filling material is to achieve a hermetic seal from the microorganisms and its by-products, and the sealing ability is further augmented when the material is bacteriostatic and preferably bactericidal. A significant number of evidence-based studies have suggested that the placement of root-end fillings increases the outcome of surgical endodontics. Properties of root-end fillings, indications, and contraindication of apical endodontic and current materials utilized in root-end fillings and testing methodologies employed for root-end filling materials are discussed.