Quantification of Trace Elements in Saliva Samples from Individuals with Chronic Periodontitis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Aim: Micronutrient nutrition plays a crucial role in the development and progression of chronic periodontitis. Serum levels of these microminerals can serve as valuable biomarkers for assessing the risk of periodontitis and may also help guide recommendations for dietary supplementation to manage or prevent the condition. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the correlation between the development or severity of chronic periodontitis and the levels of trace elements. Materials and methods: In this study, a cohort comprising 50 individuals with healthy periodontal conditions and those afflicted with chronic periodontitis were examined. About 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected in a sterile tube from the human subjects. The saliva samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 4°C at 5000 rpm and the supernatant was collected and stored at –80°C until subjected to acid digestion process. The levels of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in the saliva samples were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results: A significant elevation in salivary iron levels was detected in patients with chronic periodontitis compared to individuals with healthy periodontal conditions, with a nearly threefold increase in iron levels observed. In contrast, the levels of zinc, calcium, and selenium were notably reduced in the periodontitis group when compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest a distinct imbalance in micronutrient levels associated with chronic periodontitis, particularly characterized by elevated iron and deficiencies in zinc, calcium, and selenium. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of salivary micronutrient analysis as a noninvasive tool for detecting and monitoring chronic periodontitis. Elevated iron and reduced levels of zinc, calcium, and selenium were identified as key biomarkers linked to disease progression, suggesting the need for personalized interventions to manage periodontitis. Clinical significance: The findings support the use of salivary metal analysis for early diagnosis and risk assessment in chronic periodontitis. Identifying imbalances in key micronutrients can guide targeted dietary supplementation, offering a personalized approach to periodontal disease management and improving patient outcomes.