Phytochemical signatures and multifunctional bioactivities of two Ocimum basilicum varieties (Obb vs. Obg): antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential

This study comparatively evaluated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum (Obb) and Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese (Obg). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed notable qualitative and quantitative differences in key constituents, including fatty acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, which may influence their biological effects and therapeutic potential. Biological activities were assessed using multiple assays: antioxidant capacity via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods; antibacterial activity against selected Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and anticancer potential using the MTT assay on A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. The results demonstrated that the Genovese variety (Obg) exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity and stronger antibacterial activity across all tested strains. In contrast, the basilicum variety (Obb) showed slightly greater cytotoxicity, with an IC₅₀ of 157.67 µg/mL, compared to 162.2 µg/mL for Obg, indicating its potential for anticancer applications and warranting further mechanistic studies. These findings suggest that O. basilicum var. Genovese is a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, whereas var. basilicum may possess enhanced anticancer potential. Further in vivo studies are required to validate these findings and explore their therapeutic applications.