Pharmacological and comparative evaluation of green coffee bean extract (Coffee arabica) and phytoconstituents for the attenuating airway inflammation via NF-κB inhibitory signaling pathway in ovalbumin-induced Balb/c

Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) from Coffee arabica has gathered attention due to its potential anti-inflammatory benefits and polyphenol-enriched content. This study explores the potential of GCBE and its phytoconstituents in mitigating airway inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced in Balb/c mice, a model for allergic asthma. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was utilized to qualitatively analyze GCBE, confirming that chlorogenic acid (CAC) and trigonelline (TRG) are major bioactive components. Balb/c mice were sensitized with OVA to induce airway inflammation and subsequently treated with GCBE, CAC, and TRG at varying doses. The study evaluated the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation. Histopathological assessments measured eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus production. Biochemical markers, including myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and total protein, were quantified in lung tissue homogenates. Treatment with GCBE, CAC, and TRG significantly reduced levels of IL-1β, IL6, and TNF-α. Histopathological analysis revealed a marked decrease in eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus production. Biochemical markers were notably elevated in OVA-challenged mice but were significantly suppressed by GCBE at 300 mg kg⁻¹ and the combination of CAC and TRG at 50 mg kg⁻¹ each. The fixed dose combination (CAC 50 mg kg⁻¹ + TRG 50 mg kg⁻¹) exhibited increased anti-inflammatory effect than the individual doses of the two compounds used in the experiment. GCBE and its phytoconstituents, particularly in combination, demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and attenuating histopathological features of airway inflammation. These findings highlight their potential as therapeutic agents for managing allergic asthma.