Oxidative and nitrosative stress and female reproduction: Roles of oxidants and antioxidants

Oxidative stress (OS), caused by an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the body, is pivotal in influencing female reproductive health. This review explores the complex interactions of oxidizing agents and antioxidants on female reproductive functions, underscoring their impact on fertility, pregnancy, and reproductive outcomes. Primarily resulting from excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), OS can detrimentally affect oocyte maturation, embryonic development, and endometrial receptivity. Although ROS naturally arise during cell metabolism, their overproduction or insufficient neutralization can damage cellular macromolecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA. Such disruptions can lead to ovarian issues, recurrent pregnancy losses, and conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Conversely, antioxidants combat excess ROS, promoting cellular balance and reproductive success. Emerging treatments underscore the benefits of boosting antioxidant levels to address OS-related disorders. However, caution is essential due to potential risks of excessive antioxidant intake. The review underscores the critical association between OS and female reproduction, suggesting therapeutic strategies for improved reproductive outcomes.