Nitric oxide enhances photosynthetic nitrogen and sulfur-use efficiency and activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle to reduce high temperature stress-induced oxidative stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

The effects of nitric oxide (NO) as 100 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) on photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), photosynthetic-sulfur use efficiency (SUE), photo-synthesis, growth and agronomic traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Taipie-309 (high photosyn-thetic-N and SUE) and Rasi (low photosynthetic-N and SUE) were investigated under high temperature stress (40 °C for 6 h). Plants exposed to high temperature stress caused significant reduction in photosynthetic activity, use efficiency of N and S, and increment in H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content. The drastic effects of high temperature stress were more pro-nounced in cultivar Rasi than Taipie-309. However, foliar spray of SNP decreased the high temperature induced H2O2 and TBARS content and increased accumulation of proline and activity of ascor-bate–glutathione cycle that collectively improved tolerance to high temperature stress more effectively in Taipie-309. Exogenously applied SNP alleviated the high temperature induced decrease in photosynthesis through maintaining higher photosynthetic-NUE and photosynthetic-SUE, activity of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), and synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH). The use of 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy-3-oxide (cPTIO, NO scavenger) substantiated the study that in the absence of NO oxidative stress increased, while NO increased photosynthetic-NUE and photosynthetic-SUE, net photosynthesis and plant dry mass. Taken together, the present investigation reveals that NO increased heat stress tolerance and mini-mized high temperature stress adversaries more effectively in cultivar Taipie-309 than Rasi by enhancing photosynthetic-NUE and SUE and strengthening the antioxidant defense system.