Modelling and simulation in orthopedic biomechanics—applications and limitations

Modelling and simulation in orthopedic biomechanics involves the use of computational methods to study mechanics of load-bearing structures of the human musculoskeletal system. Such joints as the hip, knee, ankle, elbow and shoulder provide us mobility with stability during various activities. Changes in the internal configurations of a joint due to an abnormality, injury or surgical intervention, can affect the ability of a person to perform common activities. The internal structures, like ligaments, tendons and bones are not readily amenable to direct observation or measurement. Also, certain effects are difficult to analyze using experiment, for example, the influence of surgical techniques on the resulting joint mechanics. Modeling and simulation using computational methods, therefore, provides an opportunity to gain insight into the behavior of the joints and to predict effects due to a variety of internal joint configurations which are otherwise difficult, cost prohibitive, unethical or impossible to implement using the available experimental techniques. However, sensitivity analysis, relevant validation and an understanding of limitations is important in order to have practical significance. This paper discusses various approaches, applications and limitations of computational methods used to study the mechanics of human joints.