Microbial adhesion on different types of orthodontic brackets and wires: An in vitro study

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the microbial adhesion of different oral pathogens on different wires used in orthodontic treatment and to evaluate the potential of these pathogens to form biofilms on different types of orthodontic wires and brackets. Methods: In this in vitro investigation, we calculated that the sample size for each group (i.e., those with brackets [metal braces, ceramic braces, and self-ligating braces] and wires [nickel titanium, titanium molybdenum, and stainless steel]) should be 15 individuals. Five types of microbes (Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) were used. Three types of brackets and three types of wires were used with five types of bacteria, and the process was repeated three times to collect the average. Results: No significant differences were observed in the mean concentrations of bacteria in the different brackets (p > 0.05) or in the mean concentrations in the different orthodontic materials used in these brackets. In contrast, there were considerable differences between the concentrations of bacteria in the wires and those in the brackets (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Different wires and brackets have different associations with bacterial adhesion and concentration. The wires exhibited more substantial biofilm absorbance and concentrations than the brackets. The adhesion of biofilm may be a decisive factor when choosing a type of orthodontic wire, particularly for individuals at high risk of developing bacterial oral diseases, such as periodontal diseases and dental caries.