Microalgal cell: A machinery for biofuels production

The production of oleaginous microalgae biofuel is a potential replacement for traditional carbon fuels. Global pollution is rising due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increasing costs, increasing competition, pollution due to over usage, and global climate change concerns. Among the most promising alternatives are algae-based renewable energy. Microalgae have emerged as an attractive fuel source because several strains accumulate more lipid, including rapid biomass growth, and produce more photosynthetic productivity than their plant kingdom counterparts. Microalgae-derived biomass has received a lot of attention for generating a wider range of renewable energy. Microalgae have unique characteristics such as high biomass production, abundant fatty oils, and the ability to be cultivated without using arable land or environmental landforms. They also provide possibilities for mitigating the effects of climate change by permitting wastewater treatment plants and CO2 capture. Microalgae are small renewable fuel habitats that store a wide range of biofuels. Despite these advantages, microalgae have a number of drawbacks, which include high lipid yield under limiting growth conditions and higher unemployment in strains with high lipid content. Biotechnological approaches have the potential to make significant strides in strain improvement for biofuel production on a large level. This chapter discussed various strategies for increasing lipid accumulation and efficiency, including regulating key enzymes involved through lipid production, restricting competitive mechanisms, pyramiding genome, facilitating increased cell biomass under nutrient depletion as well as other environmental stresses, and controlling upstream regulators of the target genes, including the transcriptionists. Biomass feedstock for thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes to produce a variety of sustainable and renewable biofuel production, which include biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen. The produced biofuels continuously from the biomass source can clearly lead to an increase in the energetic productivity of the microalgal biomass, improving the economical level of this algal biorefinery approach.