Irreversibility analysis of radiative Williamson nanofluid flow with higher order chemical reaction and quadratic drag force over an extended surface: Non-similar computations

This study aims to present non-similar solutions for the radiative Williamson nanofluid flow with a quadratic drag force effect over a horizontally extended surface. The sheet is extended along the X-axis, and the magnetic field is applied along the Y-axis, perpendicular to the flow. The Buongiorno nanofluid model is employed to incorporate the random dispersion and thermal characteristics of the nanofluid. The innovation in the proposed model lies in its consideration of the effects of viscous and ohmic dissipation, Robin boundary conditions, and higher-order chemical reactions. The governing equations for the flow are scaled down to the second level using an appropriate transformation combined with a non-similarity technique and computationally assessed using the MATLAB bvp4c algorithm. The significant influences of the dimensionless parameters on the velocity, thermal, and solutal fields are depicted graphically. The findings reveal that the fluid velocity diminishes with increasing Weissenberg and Hartmann numbers. The solutal field experiences a reduction with variations in the chemical reaction parameter, while it rises with an increase in the higher-order chemical reaction parameter. The wall heat transfer rate is augmented with higher Eckert and thermal Biot numbers. The mass transfer rate rises with higher values of the chemical reaction parameter, Schmidt number, and solutal Biot number. A comparison of the results from this study with previous research demonstrates strong agreement, affirming the validity of the proposed model. For the value of the Williamson parameter (Formula presented), the percentage error of the present analysis with established studies is 0% and 0.096770%.