Impacts of non-homogeneous nanofluid approach and orientation angle on convection heat transfer within a 3D wavy cavity

Steady laminar natural convection and heat transfer inside a tilted 3D wavy cavity filled by water-Al₂O₃ nanofluid does examined numerically by applying the finite element technique. An isothermal curved heater is located at the right surface of the chamber while the left surface remains in a steady cold temperature. The top and bottom horizontal surfaces (top and bottom) are held adiabatic. The governing equations are formulated in the non-dimensional model using the two-component non-homogeneous equilibrium model through transporting phenomena in nanofluids connecting among the influences of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis. The results of the dimensionless buoyancy-driven parameter, inclination angle, nanoparticle volume fraction and number of undulations were examined. It is shown that the inclination angle, the wavy shape of the surface plus the features of nanofluid are outstanding control parameters to the rate of the heat transfer and the distribution of the fluid flow.