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Global burden of enteric infectious diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, and corresponding aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

  • Avina Vongpradith
  • , Regina Mae Villanueva Dominguez
  • , Lorainne Tudor Car
  • , Amanda Movo
  • , Samuel M. Ostroff
  • , Jiawei He
  • , Samuel B. Albertson
  • , Austin Carter
  • , Catherine Bisignano
  • , Bhoomadevi A
  • , Hasan Aalruz
  • , Belayneh Jejaw Abate
  • , Madineh Abbasi
  • , Samar Abd ElHafeez
  • , Emad M. Abdallah
  • , Abdelmuhsin Abdelgadir
  • , Ahmed Abdelrahman Abdelgalil
  • , Reda Abdel-Hameed
  • , Ahmed AH Abdellatif
  • , Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab
  • Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab, Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa, Arman Abdous, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Rashad Abdul-Ghani, Abdulbasit Sherfa Abduljelil, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abdullah, Auwal Abdullahi, Abdulrakib Abdulrahim, Rezheen Fatah Abdulrahman, Zirak Ahmed Abdulrahman, Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Sadik Abdulwehab, Kulmira Abdykerimova, Meklit Girma Abebe, Melese Shenkut Abebe, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Yirgalem Abere, Syed Hani Abidi, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Nagah M. Abourashed, Dariush Abtahi, Amr Selim Abu Lila, Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas, Alqassem H. Abuarqoub, Nermeen Abu-Elala, Rana Kamal Abu-Farha, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Sawsan Abuhammad, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Hana J. Abukhadijah, Dina Abushanab, Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya, Krishna Prasad Acharya, Swetha Acharya, Lisa C. Adams, Abdu A. Adamu, Aishah Fadila Adamu, Yau Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi, Babatope Oluwadamilare Adebiyi, Ayo Stephen Adebowale, Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, David Adedia, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Oluwatobi E. Adegbile, Nurudeen A. Adegoke, Victor Adekanmbi, Saheed Ayodeji Adekola, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Makinde Adebayo Adeniyi, Adedeji Adenusi, Adekola George Adepoju, Daniel Adeyemi Adepoju, Rofiat Adewumi Adewumi Aderinoye-Rabiu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Usha Adiga, Molalign Aligaz Aligaz Adisu, Belete Muluadam Admassie, Kalkidan Yibeltal Admassu, Mohd Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Obed Adonteng-Kissi, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Shairyar Afzal, Victor Ibukun Agbajelola, Zeleke Dutamo Agde, Navidha Aggarwal, Feleke Doyore Agide, Percival Delali Delali Agordoh, Piyush Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Mahsa Ahadi, Adamu Adamu Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Irfan Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Muayyad M. Ahmad, Saheem Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Suhaib Ahmad, Syed Sayeed Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Akeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Gasha Salih Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jahanzaib Mian Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Mohamed Sherif Ali Ahmed, Mohammed Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Naveed Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Shahzaib Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Zohra Ahmed, Ibrahim Ahmed El-Imam, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova, Saeid Akbarifard, Oluwabusayomi O. Akeju, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Mohsina Akhter, Karolina Akinosoglou, Damilare Michael Akintunde, Hammad Akram, Ahmad Al Athamneh, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Khalid Awad Al Kubaisi, Duaa Fayiz Al Maghaireh, Yazan Al Thaher, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Tariq Al Zoubi, Mousa Ali Al-Abbadi, Alhumaidi B. Alabbas, Mohammad M. Al-Ahmad, Khurshid Alam, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Mohammad Jahoor Alam, Rabail Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Amani N. Alansari, Turki M. Alanzi, Jude Oluwapelumi Alao, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Seyedeh Shaghayegh Alavi, Ahmad Al-Azayzih, Mohammed Albashtawy, Mohammad T. AlBataineh, MS Sultan Al-Buriahi, Nader Al-Dewik, Abdulelah Mastour Aldhahir, Shereen M. Aleidi, Embay Amare Alemseged, Khalaf M. Alenezi, Ali M. Alfalki, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Mohammed Ridha Algethami, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Ashraf Alhumaidi, Aizaz Ali, Haider Ali, Haroon Muhammad Ali, Inayat Ali, Irfan Ali, Kamran Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Nemat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Taha Hussein Hussein Ali, Montaha Al-Iede, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Sanam Alilou, Morteza Alipour, Mohammed Alissa, Mamman Aliyu Na'uzo, Alaa A.A. Aljabali, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Sulaiman F. Aljasir, Moath Saleh Aljohani, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sameer Abdulmalik Alkubati, Khaled S. Allemailem, Mohammed Z. Allouh, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Mohammed J. Almalki, Sabah Al-Marwani, Ahmad Abdulaziz Almatroudi, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Amr Almobayed, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh, Hasan Yaser Alniss, Murad Al-Nusaif, Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar, Saleh A. Alqahtani, Mohammad A.Y. Alqudah, Mohammad R. Alqudimat, Ahmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Mousa Alreshidi, Rami H. Al-Rifai, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Mohammed A. Alsabri, Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Ali Salman Al-Shami, Mamdouh Alshammari, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Kassaye D.Demeke Altaye, Malik A. Althobiani, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Obieda Altobaishat, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Walid A. Al-Zyoud, Masoud Aman Mohammadi, Mohamed Amine Amara, Priscilla O. Ameh, Amr Amin, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Saeed Amini, Nafiu Aminu, Majid Aminzare, Ayodeji Amobonye, Kazeem Olanrewaju Olanrewaju Amoo, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Song Peng Ang, Yonas Angaw, Abhishek Anil, AH Sruthi Anil Kumar, Kabilan Annadurai, Abebe Alemu Anshebo, Sebastien Antoni, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Sadaf Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Walter Appati, Amjad Islam Aqib, Melika Arab Bafrani Arab Bafrani, Hossein Arabi, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Abdulfatai Aremu, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Santhosh Arul, Nurila Aryntayeva, Nabiy Arystan, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Evans Atiah Asamane, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Shewatatek Melaku Asefa, Mulusew Andualem A. Asemahagn, Muhammad Sohaib Asghar, Girma Ashenafi Ashenafi, Mohammad Ashfaque, Saad Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Olamide Asifat, Moses Asiimwe, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Yuni Asri, Anil Raj Assariparambil, Batyrbek Assembekov, Omer Atac, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Samuel Babajide Atoyebi, Alok Atreya, Abadi Hailay Atsbaha, Zeenah A. Atwan, Matteo Augello, Avinash Aujayeb, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Sana Javaid Awan, Usman Ayub Awan, Kemal Lemnuro Lemnuro Awol, Babafela B. Awosile, Fekadu Belay Belay Ayalew, Seyyed Hamid Reza Ayatizadeh, Ahmad Ayed, Habtamu Molla Ayele, Berrak Itir Ayli, Aneesa Ayoob, Damilola Jeremiah Ayowole, A. K.M. Azad, Arian Azadnia, Ayman Azhary, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, H. Baba B Ali, Djibril M. Ba, Prasad Hanmantrao Babar, Israel Tadesse Bacha, Syed Babar Jamal Bacha, Tomasz Bączek, Muhammad Badar, Alaa Aboelnour Badran, Riadh Badraoui, Arvind Bagga, Khlood K. Baghlaf, Hediyeh Baghsheikhi, Mirza Mohammad Ali Baig, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Alpha Umaru Bai-Sesay, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Marina Balabekova, Raju Balaji, Pachamuthu Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Evangelos Alkiviadis Baltzoglou, Samuel Alemu Bamboro, Kedir Geda Geda Bamedo, Altaf Bandy, Biswajit Banik, Palash Chandra Chandra Banik, Aleksandra Barac, Sanaa Bardaweel, Dennis Bardoe, Md Abul Barkat, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Md Abu Bashar, Zarrin Basharat, Muhammad Irfan Bashir, Shahid Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Mohsen Basiri, Buddha Basnyat, Rehana Basri, Quique Bassat, Mohammad Mahdi Bastan, Armel Landry Batchi-Bouyou, Abdul Monim Batiha, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Abdulrahman S. Bazaid, Neeraj Bedi, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Surama Manjari Behera, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Marzia Bejo Torchio, Sewunet Admasu Belachew, Almaz Nibret Belay, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Melesse Belayneh, Samir Bele, Nahom Girma Belete, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Apostolos Beloukas, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Kenechukwu C. Ben-Umeh, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Paulo J.G. Bettencourt, Anmut Endalkachew Bezie, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Arushee Bhatnagar, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Sudip Bhattacharya, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Md Mehedi Hasan Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sibhatu Kassa Biadgilign, Eshetie Melese Birru, Bijit Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Monirujjaman Biswas, Molalegne Bitew, Trupti Bodhare, Asaye Mitiku Bogale, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Paria Bolourinejad, Anindya S. Bose, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Christopher Boxe, Michael Eric Bryan, Sayed Muhammad Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Danilo Buonsenso, Akeem Olayinka Busari, Felix Busch, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Luis Alberto Cámera, Yu Cao, Andrea Carugno, Sandra Carvalho, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Achille Cernigliaro, Sinan Cetin, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Sanjoy Kumar Chanda, Rama Mohan Chandika, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Lam Duc Chau, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Snehal Prakash Chavhan, Fentahun Alemnew Chekole, Hana Chen, Haowei Chen, Hui Chen, Junhao Chen, Santenna Chenchula, Patrick R. Ching, Saravanan Chinnaiyan, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, William C.S. Cho, Seoyoon Choi, Bryan Chong, Deepti Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chopra, ABM Alauddin Chowdhury, Dinh Toi Chu, Ting Wu Chuang, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Sunghyun Chung, Claudia Cosma, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Hana Mahdi Dahir, Lenards Obeng Damoah, Yohannes Tefera Damtew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Danyal Daneshdoust, Roy Arokiam Daniel, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel E. Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Latefa Ali Dardas, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K. Das, Marina De Rui, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Sindhura Deekonda, Marco Del Riccio, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Tadios Niguss Derese, Emina Dervišević, Muamer Dervišević, Girmay Desalegn, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Janak Dhakal, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Redolen Rose Rose Dhar, Pandji Wibawa Wibawa Dhewantara, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Shalik Ram Dhital, Bibha Dhungel, Stefano Di Bella, Giuseppe Di Martino, Marcello Di Pumpo, Kimia Didehvar, Elmes Saoussene Dif, Guodong Ding, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Mai Ngoc Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Christiane Dolecek, Mireille Sylviane Dongmo Nguepi, David Mawutor Donkor, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Eleonora Dubljanin, Kwabena Obeng Duedu, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ashit Kumar Dutta, Siddhartha Dutta, Basil Barth Duwa, Bismark Dwumfour-Asare, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, El Sayed Hemdan Hemdan Eissa, Moaheda EH Eissa, Martin Herbas Ekat, Michael Ekholuenetale, Seraphine Mojoko Eko, Adebayo ‘Abdulateef Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Abdelfatteh EL Omri, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Amine Elbouzidi, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Salem Elkahoui, Sherif Elkannishy, Ehab Kotb Kotb Elmahallawy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdallah Elssir Ahmed, Chadi Eltaha, Abdelgawad Salah Eltahawy, Reham Mokhtar ELTarabili, Mohamed El-Tholoth, Munachimso Anthony Emesobum, Simachew Getaneh Endalamew, Deborah Tolulope Esan, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Collins Nduka Esomchi, Werku Etafa, Peter Maduabuchi Eze, Obidimma Ezezika, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ebenezer Gezahegn Fanta, Niloofar Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Abdullah Farasani, Mohammad Fareed, Aisha Farhana, Shaista Farooq, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Nebiyou Fasil, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Munazza Fatima, Zareen Fatima, Bahgat Fayed, Nicholas A. Feasey, Gelana Fekadu, Ginenus Fekadu, Ulrich Membe Femoe, Maria Pia Ferraz, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Kebede Feyisa, Safia Firdous, Federica Fogacci, Marco Fonzo, Celia Fortuna Rodrigues, Oluwaseun Daniel Fowotade, Takeshi Fukumoto, Adam Fusheini, Blima Fux, Sridevi G, Abdelrahman Gamil Gad, Muktar A. Gadanya, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Pauliana Valéria Machado Galvão, Balasankar Ganesan, Balasubramanian Ganesh, Ezhilkugan Ganessane, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Bashiru Garba, David Garcia-Azorin, William M. Gardner, Jacopo Garlasco, Rupesh K. Gautam, Hong Han Ge, Dr Yemane Gebremariam Gebre, Feven Sahle Gebre, Tsion S. Gebre, Haftay Gebremedhin, Beza A. Gelaw, Getahun Belay Gella, Nsikakabasi Samuel George, Mebin George Mathew, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Kazem Ghaffari, Manal Hadi Ghaffoori Kanaan, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Arin Ghamkhar, Ali Ghandili, Lobna Gharaibeh, Amany Abdelkader Ghazy Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Ahmed Hamdy Ghonaim, Artyom Urievich Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Syed Amir Gilani, Bikash Ranjan Giri, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Laszlo Göbölös, Amit Goel, Gamze Gökulu, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Melika Golmohammadi, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Ayman Grada, Changhao Gu, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Sheffali Gulati, Kabiru Abubakar Gulma, Bashar Haruna Gulumbe, Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Zheng Guo, Anil Kumar Kumar Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Himanshu Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Swati Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Najah R. Hadi, Nguyen Hai Nam, Addisalem Haile, Aklilu Habte Habte Hailegebireal, Kirubel Tesfaye Hailu, Nooh Mohamed Hajhamed, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Esam S. Halboub, Abdulsalam M. Halboup, Pritam Halder, Hassen Mosa Halil, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Souheil Hallit, Salih Ahmed Hama, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Raz Mohammed Hama Salih, Islam M. Hamad, Mohamed Hamad, Fatimah Othman Hamarasoo, Nadia M. Hamdy, Rania Hamdy, Mohamed Hamed, Sajid Hameed, Bara M. Hammadeh, Rifat Hamoudi, Didem Han Yekdeş, Asif Hanif, Mohd Anul Haq, Ashanul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Athraa Harjan Mohsen Al-Dahidhawi, Josep Maria Haro, Sara Harsini, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Abd Alhadi Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Towhid Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Abdul Haseeb, Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Ammarah Hasnain, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Md Imtaiyaz Hassan, Md Mehedi Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Omed Hassan Ahmed, Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ahmad Hayatu, Zaw Myo Hein, Yosra A. Helmy, Abdelaziz Hendy, Helal F. Hetta, Kamran Heydaryan, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Jon Gitz Gitz Holler, Alamgir Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Syed Billal Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Weijun Huang, Yuting Huang, Meseret Hulualem Hulualem, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Salman Hussain, Ali M. Hussein, Dursa Hussein, Mohammed Asif Hussein, Nawfal R. Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Chul S. Hyun, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Liliya Ibragimova, Khalid S. Ibrahim, Rasha Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Adalia Ikiroma, Aqsa Ikram, Jibran Ikram, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Muhammad Hamza Ilyas, Salim Ilyasu, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mohd Imran, Korakrit Imwattana, Danish Iqbal, Bilal Irfan, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Benni Iskandar, Fahrul Islam, Md Mojahedul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Shahinul Islam, Nazim Forid Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Wan Ismahanisa Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Aloysia Ispriantari, Hiroshi Ito, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Oshozimhede E. Iyalomhe, Shilpa S. Iyer, Oluyinka Ajibola Iyola, Jaison Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Namdeo Ramhari Jadhav, Ali Jadidi, Mohammadsadegh Jafari, Vennila Jaganathan, Haitham Jahrami, Ayushi Jain, Chakresh Kumar Jain, Swati Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Sahbanathul Missiriya Jalal, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Armaan Jamal, Arshad Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Anju James, Jerin James, Safayet Jamil, Arup Jana, Anan S. Jarab, Javad Javidnia, Talha Jawaid, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Tadesse Hailu Jember, Jae Joon Jeon, Seogsong Jeong, Fan Jiang, Nathan T. Jibat, Akash John, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jobin Jose, Jobinse Jose, Abel Joseph, Akaninyene Paul Joseph, Alex Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Dr Krupal Joshi, Mudita Joshi, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Hema Shree K, Billingsley Kaambwa, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler H.Hussein Kadir, Mohammad Fahim Kadir, Adel Kadri, Jamilya Kaibullayeva, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Md Moustafa Kamal, Mehnaz Kamal, Mohammad Azhar Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kumar Kamal, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Hesam Kamyab, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S. Kantar, Shalini Kapoor, Dattatreya Kar, Sonali Kar, Sunil Kumar Kar, Neila Karagezova, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Paschalis Karakasis, Sajad Karampoor, Reema A. Karasneh, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M.M. Karpiński, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Tsehaynew Kasse, Muhamed Katica, Avleen Kaur, Harleen Kaur, Jasneet kaur, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Mariam Mofleh kawafha, Stella Adejoke Kayode, Merrera Silku Kebeba, Abenezer Zenebe Kebede, Fentahun Bikale Kebede, Yabets Tesfaye Kebede, John H. Kempen, Yousef Saleh Khader, Sudeep Khadka, Himanshu Khajuria, Asaad Khalid, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Ibrahim Khalil, Ibrahim A. Khalil, Faham Khamesipour, Abida Khan, Ahmad Khan, Ajmal Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Hafiz Nadeem Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Iqra Hamid Khan, Mahvish khan, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Idreesh Khan, Mohd Faheem Khan, Mohd Wajid Ali Khan, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Raees Khan, Saif khan, Serab Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Tabish H. Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Zahid Khan, Sameer Uttamaro Khasbage, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Afshin Khazaei, Ramiar Kamal Kheder, Khalid A. Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Parisa Khoshvaght, Pavan Khosla, Farbod Khosravi, Azhin Mohammed Khudhur, Hye Jun Kim, Jinho Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Sanjay Kini B, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ladli Kishore, Shivakumar KM, Sonali Kochhar, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Uebari Korfii, Wolyu Erkano Korma, Tapos Kormoker, Oleksii Korzh, Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev, Archana Koul, Cyril Kowo, James Paul Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Nitya Krishnasamy, Garry Kuan, Ananya Kuanar, Mohammed Kuddus, Prince Charles Kudzordzi, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Emmanuel Kumah, Ashwini Kumar, Dewesh Kumar, G. Anil Kumar, Jogender Kumar, Kamal Kumar, Laksh Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Narendar Kumar, Neeraj Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, Radha Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sanjay Kirshan Kumar, Sumit Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Vikash Kumar, Subramanian Kumaran, Satyajit Kundu, Jibin Kunjavara, Jeannette Kunz, Om P. Kurmi, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha, Christina Yeni Kustanti, Aria Kusuma, Dian Kusuma, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, Mavis Pearl Kwabla, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Pallavi L C, Adriano La Vecchia, Leizel P. Lagrada, Chandrakant Lahariya, Hanpeng Lai, Timo Lajunen, Balzhan Lakanova, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Hasan Lami, Tamás Lantos, Yilma Markos Larebo, Colleen L. Lau, Saheed Akinmayowa Lawal, Thu Huynh Minh Le, Yemane Leake, Hoi Leong Lee, Ryung Lee, Sergey Vadimovich Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Vasileios Leivaditis, Dawit Alemu Lemma, Jimma Likisa Lenjisa, Francesco Leonforte, Negin Letafatkar, Ming Chieh Li, Xiaosong Li, Virendra S. Ligade, John C. Lin, Haipeng Liu, Jue Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Zhe Liu, Erand Llanaj, Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi, Bruno Silvester Lopes, Andrés López-Cortés, José Francisco López-Gil, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Peng Luo, Pincheng Luo, Oleh Lushchak, Angelina M. Lutambi, Hengliang Lv, Lei Lv, Miltiadis D. 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  • Sana Institute of Higher Education
  • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
  • Cangnan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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  • Euclid University
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  • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul
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  • Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago
  • University of Kufa
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  • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
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  • McMaster University
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  • International Vaccine Institute, Seoul
  • Federal University of Lafia
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  • Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy
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  • University of Massachusetts Medical School
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  • Shaanxi University of Technology
  • King Faisal University
  • Frontier University Garowe
  • International Institute for Population Sciences
  • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
  • Government Medical College
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  • Air Force Medical University
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  • Lahore Medical Research Center
  • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
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  • National Open University
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  • JSC "Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases"
  • University of Canberra
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  • Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc
  • Thomas Adewumi University
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  • Shree Guru Gobind Tricentenary University
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  • Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences
  • Utkal University
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • University of Medical Sciences Poznan
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  • Dhaka Medical College and Hospital
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  • Minhaj University Lahore
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  • Asadabad School of Medical Sciences
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  • Al-Hadba University College
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  • Inc.
  • Kristiania University College
  • Oslo Metropolitan University
  • Chandigarh Group of Colleges Jhanjeri
  • Global Healthcare Consulting
  • Rivers State University of Science and Technology
  • The Education University of Hong Kong
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  • Central University, Ghana
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  • University of Eastern Finland
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  • University of Lincoln
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Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Background: Enteric infectious diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Remarkable global investment has been dedicated to enteric infectious disease prevention and control; however, the shifting global health landscape is testing the continuance of progress. To evaluate the current status and guide future interventions, we present the latest epidemiological estimates of enteric infectious diseases from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 and assess progress towards the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) mortality target of fewer than 20 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years by 2025. Methods: We quantified the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of enteric infectious diseases by age, sex, and year across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. In GBD 2023, the following were considered under the category of enteric infectious diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid), invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella spp (iNTS) infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases. We also examined 15 aetiologies contributing to diarrhoeal diseases. Incidence and prevalence were estimated with DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, drawing on data from systematic reviews, population-based surveys, claims data, and hospital sources. Cause-specific mortality was modelled with Cause of Death Ensemble Modelling based on data from sources including vital registration, mortality surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. Years of life lost and years lived with disability were computed and combined to derive DALYs. For aetiology-specific estimation, population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for 15 pathogens were derived with a counterfactual framework. Point estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated from 250 draws from the posterior distribution. Findings: In 2023, enteric infectious diseases resulted in an estimated 1·27 million (95% UI 0·963–1·68) deaths globally, declining from 3·69 million (3·04–4·56) in 1990. The global age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 74·1 (62·0–92·9) per 100 000 population to 16·4 (12·6–21·3) per 100 000 population during the same period. Diarrhoeal diseases accounted for most deaths in 2023 (1·11 million [0·811–1·54]), followed by enteric fever and iNTS. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa remained the most affected regions in 2023, with 599 000 (441 000–882 000) and 501 000 (373 000–648 000) deaths due to enteric infectious diseases, respectively, predominantly from diarrhoeal disease. Rotavirus was the leading cause of all-age diarrhoeal disease deaths (PAF 16·3% [12·0–21·5]), followed by norovirus (10·2% [2·4–17·0]) and Shigella spp (9·3% [5·4–15·2]). Among children younger than 5 years, PAFs of deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases were 40·2% (32·5–48·5) for rotavirus, 24·0% (15·1–36·7) for Shigella spp, and 23·4% (13·7–34·3) for adenovirus. Across 204 countries and territories, 141 met the GAPPD mortality target in 2023. The driving aetiologies among countries that did not meet the target in 2023 varied slightly by GBD super-region, but the highest or second-highest number of deaths in children younger than 5 years were consistently attributed to rotavirus. Astrovirus and sapovirus, newly included in GBD 2023, were responsible for 24 600 (6290–49 000) and 18 800 (4650–44 400) deaths, respectively, in 2023, mainly in children younger than 5 years. Interpretation: Our findings show that mortality and ASMRs of enteric infectious diseases declined substantially between 1990 and 2023. This decline is consistent with the expansion of public health measures and broader socioeconomic development. However, the burden in 2023 remains considerably high, with the highest mortality concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Considering that more than a quarter of all countries had yet to meet the GAPPD mortality target in 2023, sustained efforts are needed to address the persistent burden in affected countries and to adapt to the changing global health landscape. Funding: Gates Foundation.

Original languageEnglish
JournalThe Lancet Infectious Diseases
DOIs
StateAccepted/In press - 2026

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  1. SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
    SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

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