Environmentally Driven Precision Neurology: A Neurogenomic Perspective

The World Health Organization identifies environmental pollution as a primary global health threat, and its role in the onset and progression of neurological diseases is becoming increasingly clear. In the era of precision medicine, understanding the complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors is particularly important. The global increase in neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders highlights the urgent need for precision neurology. Environmental factors like air pollution, pesticides, and prenatal stress can induce epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, which alter gene expression and shape disease risk. Advances in neurogenomics, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing our ability to decipher these mechanisms, presenting new approaches for personalized diagnostics and interventions. However, significant challenges related to data integration, computational complexity, high implementation costs, and ethical considerations remain. Overcoming these barriers is essential to harness the full potential of environmentally informed precision neurology. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the integration of environmental and genomic data to better predict, prevent, and treat neurological diseases, aiming to alleviate their growing global burden and improve patient outcomes.