Environmental/lifestyle factors and male infertility

In recent years, male infertility has emerged as a significant concern, affecting approximately 7% of the global male population. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals disrupt the endocrine axes and thereby the reproductive regulatory mechanisms, compromising sperm quality and spermatogenesis. Widespread exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A, and other EDCs necessitates further investigation into transgenerational consequences. Epigenetic, endocrine, and oxidative stress pathways are primary mechanisms through which these factors exert their impact. Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, and sleep play critical roles in modulating sperm health. Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use negatively impact sperm parameters, requiring a multifaceted approach to reduce exposure. The chapter offers a comprehensive examination of the diverse elements influencing male fertility, emphasizing the interplay between external factors and genetic/epigenetic effects on semen parameters. As environmental and lifestyle factors gain recognition as vital determinants of male fertility, it is crucial for reproductive health professionals to understand these interactions and advocate for public health initiatives to mitigate their negative effects.