Energy transport of wavy non-homogeneous hybrid nanofluid cavity partially filled with porous LTNE layer

The two-phase flow and heat transfer of a Cu–Al₂O₃ water hybrid nanofluid in a wavy enclosure partially filled with a porous medium is investigated. The concentration gradient of the composite nanoparticles is modeled considering the thermophoresis and Brownian motion nanoscale forces. The porous medium is also modeled using the local thermal non-equilibrium model. The governing equations are converted into a non-dimensional form and then solved using the finite element technique. The impact of the Darcy number, convection interface, and the wave amplitude on the concentration distribution of nanoparticle flow and heat transfer is addressed. The outcomes show that the convective heat transfer in the liquid and solid phases could be increased by 4.5 and 2.7 folds by increasing the Darcy number from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻². The growth of the concentration of the nanoparticles from 0 to 0.04 improves the liquid Nusselt number by 17%. The hybrid nanofluid shows a better heat transfer enhancement compared to simple nanofluids.