Emerging Applications of Smart Hydrogel Nanocomposites in 3D Printing

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging applications of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in 3D printing, emphasizing their transformative potential in creating adaptive and multifunctional structures. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including magneto-, thermo-, pH-, moisture-, solvent-, and photo-responsive varieties, have gained significant attention due to their ability to undergo dynamic changes in response to specific environmental stimuli. The review begins by exploring the fundamental characteristics and fabrication methods of hydrogels used in additive manufacturing, highlighting their exceptional adaptability and programmability. It then delves into various applications across diverse fields, including soft robotics, tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, wearable electronics, food technology, electromagnetic interference shielding, and anti-counterfeiting technologies. By integrating the latest advancements in 3D printing techniques, this review aims to offer insights into how stimuli-responsive hydrogels are enabling the development of innovative, intelligent, and environmentally responsive systems. The future perspectives section discusses challenges and opportunities for advancing the use of hydrogels in 3D printing, suggesting directions for future research that could push the boundaries of functional materials and programmable structures.