Embryonic Toxicology Evaluation of Dental Varnish Using Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ginger and Rosemary

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the embryonic toxicology of dental varnish using titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using ginger and rosemary. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a span of 2 weeks, involving zebrafish embryos, NP synthesis, and dental varnish formulation. Ginger and rosemary extracts were prepared by shaking powdered forms in distilled water, followed by filtration. Random sampling ensures an unbiased dispersion of NPs. TiO₂ NPs were synthesized by heating a solution of TiO₂ and plant extract filtrate. Zebrafish embryonic toxicology studies adhered to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Embryos were exposed to dental varnish-containing NPs across various concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 µL) and incubation durations (24–96 hours postfertilization) with developmental toxicity effects assessed via hatching rates, viability, and morphology. Data was statically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey’s test employing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The results obtained showed the highest percentage of viability at 100% in 1 and 2 µL and the least viability at 80% in 16 µL concentration of the prepared extract. In contrast, the hatching rate exhibited a descending trend, with the most substantial rate (85%) manifesting at the 1 µL concentration, succeeded by 2 µL (75%), 4 µL (71%), 8 µL (68%), 16 µL (65%), and the control group at 100%. Conclusion: Herbally mediated TiO₂ NPs mouthwash can be researched in order to prepare higher nontoxic concentrations with respect to different organisms in order to broaden the spectrum of action. Clinical significance: The investigation significantly impacts the progression of dental varnish formulations, distinguished by their integration of herbal ingredients and NP interventions. This pivotal research aims to cultivate safer and more efficacious formulations, thereby elevating patient care and safety in the domain of oral health treatments. In addition to modern NP approaches, this study also acknowledges the relevance of herbal formulations and traditional agents, emphasizing a comprehensive exploration of both innovative and time-honored avenues toward refining dental varnishes.