Development of smart cities from fiction to reality in member states of the gulf cooperation council

This study analyzes and outlines the fundamental components of a smart city where information and communication technology (ICT) is synchronized with traditional infrastructures by utilizing new technologies. This study developed the criteria of ICT advancement that reformed the functions and management of a city. These criteria defined opportunities that facilitated rapid explicatory interaction among common citizens, governments, businesses, and several agencies. This study found that ICT technologies facilitate essential engagement in the design and planning of a modern city. This study examined the possible conceptual basis for establishing smart cities. This study also established the viable relation between a fictitious futuristic city and a smart city. Several models of smart cities were reviewed, compared, and summarized. This study highlighted the effectiveness of new technologies in addressing urban challenges, such as urban governance and organization, transportation, energy, and revenue collection. The first part of this study presented the definition and general understanding of smart cities, explained the science of smart cities, reviewed the conceptual basis of these cities, and focused on future ideas about effective digital networks to manage a modern city through smart technology.