Computer Graphics Based Analysis of Loading Patterns in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament of the Human Knee

Injuries of anterior cruciate ligament of the knee are common, particularly in young athletes. Though surgical reconstruction of the ligament attempts to restore the joint function, a significant percentage of the patients report unsatisfactory outcome and joint complications that may require repeated surgery. The present study used a computer-based model of the knee with intact ligaments and anatomical articular surfaces to visualize contributions of different fiber bundles in the ligament with distinct areas of attachment on the femoral bone that are searched for appropriate positions of femoral tunnel during single or double bundle ligament reconstruction. Knee motion during flexion and an anterior drawer test at different joint positions were simulated in the sagittal plane. The model analysis showed that the ligament fibers attached anteriorly on the femoral bone contributed significantly throughout the knee motion and resisted anterior loads on the tibia at all flexion positions, while the fibers attached posteriorly on the femoral bone contributed during 0–45° and above 90° flexion. The results agreed with experimental observations and have clinical relevance.