Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties

Atia Nurul Sidiqa; Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria; Arief Cahyanto; I. Made Joni; Ani Melani Maskoen

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005

Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties

Atia Nurul Sidiqa
, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria
, Arief Cahyanto
, I. Made Joni
, Ani Melani Maskoen

Padjadjaran University
Jenderal Achmad Yani University
University of Malaya

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

7 Scopus citations

Abstract

The carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) is affected by humidity and a saturated atmosphere. Ca(OH)₂ from nature is easily carbonation and self-aggregates into calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), resulting in larger particle size impairing the antimicrobial properties due to lack of penetration into the dentinal tubules and lower ion dissociation. To reduce the particle size, the wet beads milling process with distilled water as the medium is commonly used, but often results in great carbonation of the final product. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) may inhibit the carbonation process as well as re-agglomeration. However, it requires intensive drying of the fine Ca(OH)₂ particles. As an alternative, we used ethanol as a medium in the milling process, which is easily dried and compatible with PEG as a surfactant. This study aimed to evaluate PEG 400 as a dispersing agent in ethanol medium in the beads milling process to prevent carbonation of the fine Ca(OH)₂ particles. The following groups were analysed CaP-PEG (Ca(OH)₂-PEG) with ethanol as a medium, CaP-Eth (Ca(OH)₂ with ethanol as a medium), CaP-DW (Ca(OH)₂ with distilled water as a medium), CaPC (Ca(OH)₂-carbonated) as the negative control and CaC (Ca(OH)₂ analytical grade) as the positive control The final particle results were characterized to evaluate the crystal structure, functional groups, and particle size. The corresponding pH and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis were assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. The penetration ability was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The data obtained were analysed by ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. PEG was able to inhibit carbonation and stabilize pH for up to 14 days, providing increased antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. PEG also facilitates the ability of fine Ca(OH)₂ particles to penetrate deeper into the dentine tubules by reducing particle size.

Original language	English
Article number	e18005
Journal	Heliyon
Volume	9
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005
State	Published - Jul 2023
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Calcium hydroxide
Carbonation
Encapsulation
Nanoparticle
PEG
Penetration

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10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005

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title = "Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties",

abstract = "The carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is affected by humidity and a saturated atmosphere. Ca(OH)2 from nature is easily carbonation and self-aggregates into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), resulting in larger particle size impairing the antimicrobial properties due to lack of penetration into the dentinal tubules and lower ion dissociation. To reduce the particle size, the wet beads milling process with distilled water as the medium is commonly used, but often results in great carbonation of the final product. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) may inhibit the carbonation process as well as re-agglomeration. However, it requires intensive drying of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. As an alternative, we used ethanol as a medium in the milling process, which is easily dried and compatible with PEG as a surfactant. This study aimed to evaluate PEG 400 as a dispersing agent in ethanol medium in the beads milling process to prevent carbonation of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. The following groups were analysed CaP-PEG (Ca(OH)2-PEG) with ethanol as a medium, CaP-Eth (Ca(OH)2 with ethanol as a medium), CaP-DW (Ca(OH)2 with distilled water as a medium), CaPC (Ca(OH)2-carbonated) as the negative control and CaC (Ca(OH)2 analytical grade) as the positive control The final particle results were characterized to evaluate the crystal structure, functional groups, and particle size. The corresponding pH and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis were assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. The penetration ability was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The data obtained were analysed by ANOVA with a significance level of 5\%. PEG was able to inhibit carbonation and stabilize pH for up to 14 days, providing increased antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. PEG also facilitates the ability of fine Ca(OH)2 particles to penetrate deeper into the dentine tubules by reducing particle size.",

keywords = "Calcium hydroxide, Carbonation, Encapsulation, Nanoparticle, PEG, Penetration",

author = "Sidiqa, \{Atia Nurul\} and Zakaria, \{Myrna Nurlatifah\} and Arief Cahyanto and Joni, \{I. Made\} and Maskoen, \{Ani Melani\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023",

year = "2023",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

journal = "Heliyon",

issn = "2405-8440",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties

AU - Sidiqa, Atia Nurul

AU - Zakaria, Myrna Nurlatifah

AU - Cahyanto, Arief

AU - Joni, I. Made

AU - Maskoen, Ani Melani

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - The carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is affected by humidity and a saturated atmosphere. Ca(OH)2 from nature is easily carbonation and self-aggregates into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), resulting in larger particle size impairing the antimicrobial properties due to lack of penetration into the dentinal tubules and lower ion dissociation. To reduce the particle size, the wet beads milling process with distilled water as the medium is commonly used, but often results in great carbonation of the final product. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) may inhibit the carbonation process as well as re-agglomeration. However, it requires intensive drying of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. As an alternative, we used ethanol as a medium in the milling process, which is easily dried and compatible with PEG as a surfactant. This study aimed to evaluate PEG 400 as a dispersing agent in ethanol medium in the beads milling process to prevent carbonation of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. The following groups were analysed CaP-PEG (Ca(OH)2-PEG) with ethanol as a medium, CaP-Eth (Ca(OH)2 with ethanol as a medium), CaP-DW (Ca(OH)2 with distilled water as a medium), CaPC (Ca(OH)2-carbonated) as the negative control and CaC (Ca(OH)2 analytical grade) as the positive control The final particle results were characterized to evaluate the crystal structure, functional groups, and particle size. The corresponding pH and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis were assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. The penetration ability was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The data obtained were analysed by ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. PEG was able to inhibit carbonation and stabilize pH for up to 14 days, providing increased antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. PEG also facilitates the ability of fine Ca(OH)2 particles to penetrate deeper into the dentine tubules by reducing particle size.

AB - The carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is affected by humidity and a saturated atmosphere. Ca(OH)2 from nature is easily carbonation and self-aggregates into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), resulting in larger particle size impairing the antimicrobial properties due to lack of penetration into the dentinal tubules and lower ion dissociation. To reduce the particle size, the wet beads milling process with distilled water as the medium is commonly used, but often results in great carbonation of the final product. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) may inhibit the carbonation process as well as re-agglomeration. However, it requires intensive drying of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. As an alternative, we used ethanol as a medium in the milling process, which is easily dried and compatible with PEG as a surfactant. This study aimed to evaluate PEG 400 as a dispersing agent in ethanol medium in the beads milling process to prevent carbonation of the fine Ca(OH)2 particles. The following groups were analysed CaP-PEG (Ca(OH)2-PEG) with ethanol as a medium, CaP-Eth (Ca(OH)2 with ethanol as a medium), CaP-DW (Ca(OH)2 with distilled water as a medium), CaPC (Ca(OH)2-carbonated) as the negative control and CaC (Ca(OH)2 analytical grade) as the positive control The final particle results were characterized to evaluate the crystal structure, functional groups, and particle size. The corresponding pH and antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis were assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. The penetration ability was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope. The data obtained were analysed by ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. PEG was able to inhibit carbonation and stabilize pH for up to 14 days, providing increased antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. PEG also facilitates the ability of fine Ca(OH)2 particles to penetrate deeper into the dentine tubules by reducing particle size.

KW - Calcium hydroxide

KW - Carbonation

KW - Encapsulation

KW - Nanoparticle

KW - PEG

KW - Penetration

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85164713554

U2 - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005

DO - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18005

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85164713554

SN - 2405-8440

VL - 9

JO - Heliyon

JF - Heliyon

IS - 7

M1 - e18005

ER -

Carbonation inhibitor by polyethylene glycol encapsulation of calcium hydroxide fine particles to improve antimicrobial and root canal penetration properties

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