Bulk properties of the system in Au–Au collisions at 3 GeV and their dependence on collision centrality and particle rapidity

We analyze the transverse momentum spectra of proton (p), deuteron (d), triton (t), and helium (³He and ⁴He) in different centrality intervals in various rapidity slices in gold–gold (Au–Au) collisions at s_NN=3 GeV. We apply the blast-wave model with Tsallis statistics (TBW) to transverse momentum spectra of the particles, which fits well the data of STAR Collaboration. The freezeout parameters such as kinetic freezeout temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freezeout volume are extracted. Our findings reveal that central collisions exhibit higher values for the kinetic freezeout temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freezeout volume (which means that the central collisions are more hot and expansive), and observed that they decrease from central to peripheral collisions, and the former two parameters decrease from backward rapidity regions to mid-rapidity. This indicates a rapid expansion of the system in central collisions and in backward rapidities. The above parameters are mass-dependent, and the former increases, while the latter two decrease for heavier particles, reflecting the multiple kinetic freezeout and volume differential freezeout scenarios. Besides, the entropy parameter (q) is extracted, and it increases from peripheral to central and from backward to mid-rapidity regions.