Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Toxicity Evaluation and Applications for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Hyperthermia

The production of green metal oxide nanoparticles has garnered considerable interest. The use of a magnetic field to separate iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) from a reaction mixture has garnered considerable interest. Green synthesis’ biocompatibility, safety, and environmental friendliness. Green synthesis is dependent on microorganisms and plants. Numerous plants in this chapter synthesise IONPs. In green nanoparticle synthesis, biomaterials are used to reduce, cap, stabilise, and fabricate nanoparticles. This chapter elaborates on the biological synthesis and biomedical applications of IONPs. IONPs with a green approach offer numerous advantages, have gained significant interest, and have numerous applications. Various nanoparticle sizes, structures, dispersions, and surface modifications have been produced using eco-friendly synthesis techniques. Since the parameters of biosynthesis vary greatly, it is not possible to compare results directly. It is necessary to refine and standardise synthesis protocols and parameters prior to in vivo testing. Despite the growing scientific evidence supporting theranostic applications of IONPs, clinical settings may call for biosynthesis IONPs that carry anticancer drugs with regulated release on specific target tissues. Among these are the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of disease. Since MRI has been the primary focus of IONPs, clinical evaluations of other applications are imminent. For this reason, large-scale IONPs biosynthesis production is required. Future research will focus on advancing and improving biogenic synthesis’ limitations. Biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles derived from renewable resources have the potential for biomedical applications; nevertheless, optimising the reaction parameters as well as the strategy for achieving bulk and large-scale production is a prerequisite. Future research will concentrate on in-vitro and in-vivo cell-material interactions.