Anti-inflammatory Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Ginger and Rosemary-mediated Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles-based Dental Varnish

Aim: The primary objective of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of a dental varnish formulated using titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) mediated by ginger and rosemary. Materials and methods: A dental varnish was formulated using ginger and rosemary extracts mediated by titanium dioxide NPs. To assess its cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity, tests like brine shrimp lethality assay, bovine serum, and egg albumin assays were conducted at varying concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µL. The data was collected, and Chi-squared statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: In the bovine serum albumin (BSA) assay, the inhibition percentages were 43, 57, 69, 75, and 80% at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µL, respectively, compared to an 84% inhibition at the standard concentration. Regarding cytotoxicity, on day 1, all nauplii remained alive at all concentrations. However, on day 2, as the concentration increased, cytotoxicity also increased, with varying survival rates. Conclusion: The results indicated that the NPs inhibited inflammation at higher concentrations, and cytotoxicity increased as the NP concentration increased. Overall, the study suggests that ginger and rosemary-mediated TiO₂ NPs have the potential to be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Clinical significance: The research highlights the promising role of ginger and rosemary-assisted TiO₂ NPs as effective anti-inflammatory agents. This holds significant promise for advancing dental therapies aimed at addressing oral conditions.