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An Update on the Study of the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Autophagy during Bacterial Pathogenesis

  • Md Ataur Rahman
  • , Amily Sarker
  • , Mohammed Ayaz
  • , Ananya Rahman Shatabdy
  • , Nabila Haque
  • , Maroua Jalouli
  • , MD Hasanur Rahman
  • , Taslin Jahan Mou
  • , Shuvra Kanti Dey
  • , Ehsanul Hoque Apu
  • , Muhammad Sohail Zafar
  • , Md Anowar Khasru Parvez
  • University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Islamic University, Kushtia
  • Jahangirnagar University
  • Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
  • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
  • Lincoln Memorial University
  • Taibah University
  • University of Jordan
  • Riphah International University

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

Autophagy is a unique catabolic process that degrades irrelevant or damaged components in eukaryotic cells to maintain homeostasis and eliminate infections from pathogenesis. Pathogenic bacteria have developed many autophagy manipulation techniques that affect host immune responses and intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to avoid xenophagy. However, reducing its effectiveness as an innate immune response has not yet been elucidated. Bacterial pathogens cause autophagy in infected cells as a cell-autonomous defense mechanism to eliminate the pathogen. However, harmful bacteria have learned to control autophagy and defeat host defenses. Intracellular bacteria can stimulate and control autophagy, while others inhibit it to prevent xenophagy and lysosomal breakdown. This review evaluates the putative functions for xenophagy in regulating bacterial infection, emphasizing that successful pathogens have evolved strategies to disrupt or exploit this defense, reducing its efficiency in innate immunity. Instead, animal models show that autophagy-associated proteins influence bacterial pathogenicity outside of xenophagy. We also examine the consequences of the complex interaction between autophagy and bacterial pathogens in light of current efforts to modify autophagy and develop host-directed therapeutics to fight bacterial infections. Therefore, effective pathogens have evolved to subvert or exploit xenophagy, although autophagy-associated proteins can influence bacterial pathogenicity outside of xenophagy. Finally, this review implies how the complex interaction between autophagy and bacterial pathogens affects host-directed therapy for bacterial pathogenesis.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1757
JournalBiomedicines
Volume12
Issue number8
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 2024
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • autophagy
  • bacteria
  • bacterial toxins
  • pathogenesis
  • xenophagy

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